[the second in a series of articles on using and understanding abc]
| Contents: |
OK. So let’s suppose you’ve just come across abc and you want to know a little more about how it works before delving deeper.
Or maybe you’ve already started using abcs you’ve found on websites and now you want to understand them, perhaps to try modifying them slightly.
In this short article we’re going to look at the basics of the notation itself.
The structure of an abc tune
Typically a tune consists of two parts – the header, containing background information, and the notes, containing … the notes.
In this first example, the header is the first 5 lines – each line containing a different type of information – and the notes are contained in the last 3 lines.
X:1 T:Paddy O'Rafferty C:Trad. M:6/8 K:D dff cee|def gfe|dff cee|dfe dBA|dff cee|def gfe|faf gfe|1 dfe dBA:|2 dfe dcB|] ~A3 B3|gfe fdB|AFA B2c|dfe dcB|~A3 ~B3|efe efg|faf gfe|1 dfe dcB:|2 dfe dBA|] fAA eAA|def gfe|fAA eAA|dfe dBA|fAA eAA|def gfe|faf gfe|dfe dBA:|
We will now look at all the elements of this tune in more detail.
The header
First, notice that each line of the header starts with a different letter telling you what information it contains – so the line beginning T: contains the Title of the tune and the line beginning C: contains the Composer (in this case it’s a traditional one – the composer’s name has been lost in the mists of time).
In abc-speak, these lines are sometimes known as fields - you may hear people talking about the “T field” or the “C field” – they just mean the title or the composer.
Each tune can contain a lot of background information so there are fields to cover almost every eventuality. For now, however, the only other fields you need to know about are X, M & K for the header and the L field which we will look at below.
M: and K: are straightforward and define the meter and the key of the tune – the example above is a 6/8 tune (a jig) in D (two sharps). If you leave out the M: field, most abc software will assume you want common time – i.e. M:C. However, you must include the K: field which also tells abc software where the header ends and the notes start.
Finally the X: field just contains a reference number. This is not so important now that there’s loads of good software that allows you to pick tunes with the click of a mouse, but in the early days of abc it was useful for selecting specific tunes from a file.
Note that some people choose to store each tune in a separate file and so you may sometimes encounter tunes without an X: field. However, not all abc software recognises these as tunes so it’s best, especially if you want to share tunes with friends, to always include an X: field, even if you only ever use X:1.
The only other thing you need know is the order - each tune should start with an X: field, followed by a T: field and the header then ends at the K: field.
Apart from that you can put the other fields (e.g. the C: and M: fields in the example above) in any order. You can also have as many as you want. We will cover other fields and how to use them in a subsequent article – see the links at the bottom of this article.
The notes
The notes of the tune start after the first K: field.
Each note is written as a separate letter and – surprise, surprise – the letter C represents the note C, D represents D, and so on.
Upper case (capital) letters, CDEFGAB, are used to denote the bottom octave (C represents middle C, on the first leger line below the treble stave), continuing with lower case letters for the top octave, cdefgab (b is the one above the first leger line above the stave).
To go down an octave, just put a comma after the letter and to go up an octave use an apostrophe.
Here are four octaves shown both in abc notation and staff notation:
X:1 T:Notes M:C L:1/4 K:C C, D, E, F,|G, A, B, C|D E F G|A B c d|e f g a|b c' d' e'|f' g' a' b'|]
Notice one other thing about this example – the L: field, which sets the basic note length and in this case, L:1/4 tells abc software that each letter in the notes section represents a crotchet or quarter note.
This brings us to the next topic …
Note lengths
Now we know how to pitch notes, the other important thing is their length.
Firstly, you can set a basic note length for every note via the L: field – so that L:1/16 would mean that each letter in the notes section represents a semi-quaver or sixteenth note and similarly L:1/8 implies that they are quavers or eighth notes.
If you leave out the L: field, most abc software will assume you want the basic note length to be eighth notes (although some software sets the basic note length according to the meter, so if in doubt, include an L: field).
Having set the basic length you can modify the length of an individual note by putting a number after it. For example, in the second line of the tune Paddy Rafferty given above, the first four bars are:
~A3 B3|gfe fdB|AFA B2c|dfe dcB|
So here, since the basic note length is eighth notes (quavers), the B2 in the third bar represents a quarter note (crotchet) – i.e. 2 times as long as an eighth note, whilst the A3 and B3 in the first bar represent dotted quarter notes – i.e. 3 times as long as an eighth note.
If the note is above or below the stave then the note length comes after the comma or apostrophe – e.g. c’4 is a half note (minim) on high C.
To shorten the length of a note, just follow it by a / and the appropriate length – e.g. if A is an eighth note, then A/2 is a sixteenth (semi-quaver). You can also use a / as shorthand for /2 so that A/ also represents a sixteenth note.
Finally, you can change the basic note length at any point in a tune. The following example demonstrates all the different note length possibilities (some pretty uncommon) for 3 different values of the basic note length:
X:1 T:Note lengths and default note length M:C K:C L:1/16 A/2 A/ A A2 A3 A4 A6 A7 A8 A12 A15 A16|] L:1/8 A/4 A/2 A/ A A2 A3 A4 A6 A7 A8 A12 A15|] L:1/4 A/8 A/4 A/2 A/ A A2 A3 A4 A6 A7|]
Bar lines
Bar lines are easily inserted with a | symbol and you can use || for a double bar line or |] for a thin-thick double bar line.
Similarly |: represents the start of a repeated section and :| represents the end.
Where one repeated section ends and a new one starts, use :||: or :: for short.
Alternate repeats are represented by [1 and [2 and, if these are adjacent to a bar line, the [ can be omitted, so that |1 is short for |[1.
Beams
To put two or more eighth or sixteenth notes together under a beam, just put them next to each other with no space in between.
The following example show various choices of beaming:
X:1 T:Beams M:C K:C A B c d AB cd|ABcd ABc2|]
Putting it all together
Although there's plenty more to learn, with the information contained in this article you should be able to figure out 90% of most tunes.
However, to finish off, we just need to know that the ~ (tilde) symbol represents an ornament, such as a roll or turn in Irish music.
We now have all the tools required to interpret the abc of Paddy O'Rafferty shown above. Here it is again, with the staff notation underneath:
X:1 T:Paddy O'Rafferty C:Trad. M:6/8 K:D dff cee|def gfe|dff cee|dfe dBA|dff cee|def gfe|faf gfe|1 dfe dBA:|2 dfe dcB|] ~A3 B3|gfe fdB|AFA B2c|dfe dcB|~A3 ~B3|efe efg|faf gfe|1 dfe dcB:|2 dfe dBA|] fAA eAA|def gfe|fAA eAA|dfe dBA|fAA eAA|def gfe|faf gfe|dfe dBA:|
Further reading
Probably the best way to carry on from here is just to try some playing around with and perhaps modifying some examples. There are plenty of tunes to try out in the abc tune search and the previous article in this series has a link to an online converter so you can see how changes you make affect the music.
You could also read another article in this series [more to follow]:
- Previous article - "How to get started with abc notation"
- Next article - [to follow shortly]
Finally, there are plenty other pages which can help to explain abc, such as the examples page on this website, Steve Mansfield's excellent tutorial and John Chambers' FAQ.
Have fun!
Chris Walshaw